Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Not all sales performance is created equal: personality and interpersonal traits in inbound and outbound marketing activities

A. P. Malizia, T. Bassetti, D. Menicagli, A. Patuelli, S. D'Arcangelo, N. Lattanzi, F. Bossi, A. Mastrogiorgio

Abstract


A long tradition of research has shown that personality traits, such as extraversion and agreeableness, and interpersonal constructs better predict job performance with a tacit but not explicit distinction in sales marketing activities. In this contribution, we aim to understand the role of job-related and interest data, interpersonal, and personality traits in affecting either inbound or outbound marketing activities and the overall sales performance. An original questionnaire integrates the interpersonal traits and personality factors reported in the literature in sales marketing activities (independent variables). The results were matched with the individual job-related and interest data (control variables) and sales performance (criterion variables) – expressed as the total number of closed contracts over the inbound/outbound related contacts of employees with responsibility in marketing activities for a large banking group. We are able to identify the relevant predictors of sales performance by creating full binary trees using control and independent variables in conditional inference forests and variable importance index measures. Higher performers in either inbound or outbound marketing activities rely on distinct personality sub-traits, which have fundamentally essential implications for interpersonal functioning, and personal data when agreeableness is central to the ability to function effectively in the interpersonal realm of sales activity.


Keywords


Personality traits; interpersonal traits; sales performance; dutifulness; openness to experience; conditional inference forests.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Barford, K. A., Zhao, K., and Smillie, L. D. (2015). Mapping the interpersonal domain: Translating between the Big Five, HEXACO, and Interpersonal Circumplex. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 232-237.

Barrick, M. R. and Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.

Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and assessment, 9(1-2), 9-30.

Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Gupta, R. (2003). Meta‐analysis of the relationship between the five‐factor model of personality and Holland's occupational types. Personnel psychology, 56(1), 45-74.

Bleoju, G., Capatina, A., Rancati, E., and Lesca, N. (2016). Exploring organizational propensity toward inbound–outbound marketing techniques adoption: The case of pure players and click and mortar companies. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5524-5528.

Blickle, G., Meurs, J. A., Wihler, A., Ewen, C., Merkl, R., and Missfeld, T. (2015). Extraversion and job performance: How context relevance and bandwidth specificity create a non-linear, positive, and asymptotic relationship. Journal of vocational behavior, 87, 80-88.

Borghans, Lex and Duckworth, Angela and Heckman, James and Weel, Bas. (2008). The Economics and Psychology of Personal Traits. The Journal of Human Resources. 43.

Breiman L. (1998). Arcing classifiers. The Annals of Statistics, 26, 801–824.

Breiman, L. (2001) Random Forests. Machine Learning 45, 5–32

Bühlmann, P., and Yu, B. (2002). Analyzing bagging. The Annals of Statistics, 30(4), 927-961.

Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, 2nd ed.; pp. 687–732). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources

DeYoung, C. G., Weisberg, Y. J., Quilty, L. C., Peterson, J.B. (2013) Unifying the aspects of the Big Five, the interpersonal circumplex, and trait affiliation. Journal of Personality, 81,465-75.

Ehrlinger John. (2016) ggRandomForests: Exploring Random Forest Survival https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08974

Furnham A. A (2018) Big Five facet analysis of sub-clinical dependent personality disorder (Dutifulness). Psychiatry Res. 270:622-626.

Furnham, A., and Fudge, C. (2008). The five factor model of personality and sales performance. Journal of Individual Differences, 29, 11–16.

Grant, A. M. (2013). Rethinking the extraverted sales ideal: The ambivert advantage. Psychological science, 24(6), 1024-1030.

Grant, A. M., and Schwartz, B. (2011). Too much of a good thing: The challenge and opportunity of the inverted U. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 61–76.

Hofstee, W. K., De Raad, B., and Goldberg, L. R. (1992). Integration of the big five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(1), 146.

Hogan, R. and Hogan J. (1997). Hogan development survey manual. Tulsa. OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.

Hogan, R. and Hogan J. (2007). Hogan personality inventory manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.

Hogan, R. and Hogan J. (2016). Technical Report. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/153377/Research/Sample_JET_Lite_Tech_Report.pdf

Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., and Zeileis, A. (2006). Unbiased recursive partitioning: A conditional inference framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical statistics, 15(3), 651-674.

Hurtz, G. M., and Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of applied psychology, 85(6), 869-879.

Jackson, D. N., and Tremblay, P. F. (2002). The six factor personality questionnaire. In B. de Raad and M. Perugini (Eds.), Big five assessment (p. 354–372). Hogrefe and Huber Publishers.

Jackson, D. N., Ashton, M. C., and Tomes, J. L. (1996). The six-factor model of personality: Facets from the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(3), 391-402.

Jackson, D. N., Paunonen, S. V., Fraboni, M., and Goffin, R. D. (1996). A five-factor versus six-factor model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(1), 33-45.

Johnson, D. S., and McGeoch, L. A. (1997). The traveling salesman problem: A case study in local optimization. Local Search in Combinatorial Optimization, 1, 215-310.

Judge, T. A., and Zapata, C. P. (2015). The person–situation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the Big Five personality traits in predicting job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4), 1149-1179.

Kaiser, Robert & LeBreton, James & Hogan, Joyce. (2015). The Dark Side of Personality and Extreme Leader Behavior. Applied Psychology. 64. 55-92.

Le, H., Oh, I.-S., Robbins, S. B., Ilies, R., Holland, E., and Westrick, P. (2011). Too much of a good thing: Curvilinear relationships between personality traits and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 113–133.

Markey, P. M., and Markey, C. N. (2009). A brief assessment of the interpersonal circumplex: The IPIP-IPC. Assessment, 16, 352-361.

McCrae, R. R., Costa, Jr, P. T., and Martin, T. A. (2005). The NEO–PI–3: A more readable revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of personality assessment, 84(3), 261-270.

McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. J. (2010). NEO Inventories for the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3), NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) Professional Manual. Lutz, Florida, PAR.

McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T., Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. (1989). The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(4), 586-595.

Minbashian, Amirali & Earl, Joanne & Bright, Jim. (2013). Openness to Experience as a Predictor of Job Performance Trajectories. Applied Psychology An International Review. 62.

Mount, M.K., Barrick, M.R. and Stewart, G.L. (1998) Five-factor model of personality and performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Human Performance, 11, 145-165.

Nilsen, M. B. (2017). Interpersonal traits on the facet level and job performance among call center employees: a case study (Master's thesis, NTNU).

Ones, D. S. & Viswesvaran, C. (1996) Bandwidth-fidelity dilemma in personality measurement for personnel selection. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 609-626.

Payne, C.S., Youngcourt, S.S. and Beaubien, J.M. (2007) A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Goal Orientation Nomological Net. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 128-150.

Penney, L.M., David, E., and Witt, L.A. (2011). A review of personality and performance: Identifying boundaries, contingencies, and future research directions. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 297–310.

Salgado, J.F. (1997) The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30-43.

Rothmann, S., and Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68-74.

Stewart, G. L. (1996). Reward structure as a moderator of the relationship between extraversion and sales performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 619–627

Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A. L., Zeileis, A., and Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable

importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC bioinformatics, 8(1), 25.

Strobl, C., Malley, J., and Tutz, G. (2009). An introduction to recursive partitioning: rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychological methods, 14(4), 323-348

Sung, S. Y., and Choi, J. N. (2009). Do big five personality factors affect individual creativity? The moderating role of extrinsic motivation. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 941-956.

Tett, R. T, Jackson, D. N., and Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 44, 703-742.

Tett, R.P., and Burnett, D.D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 500–517.

Vernuccio, M., Ceccotti, F. (2015) Strategic and organisational challenges in the integrated marketing communication paradigm shift: A holistic vision. European Management Journal, 33(6), 438-449

Vinchur, A. J., Schippmann, J. S., Switzer III, F. S., and Roth, P. L. (1998). A meta-analytic review of predictors of job performance for salespeople. Journal of applied psychology, 83(4), 586-597

Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 395-412.

Wihler, A., Meurs, J. A., Momm, T. D., John, J., and Blickle, G. (2017). Conscientiousness, extraversion, and field sales performance: Combining narrow personality, social skill, emotional stability, and nonlinearity. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 291-296.

Williamson, Brian D, and Jean Feng. 2020. “Efficient Nonparametric Statistical Inference on Population Feature Importance Using Shapley Values.” https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.09481.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.12871/aib.v159i3-4.4879

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.