Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
Flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and T-lymphocytes of chronic amphetamine and alcohol abuse
Abstract
Introduction: Drug and alcohol abuse has significant negative impacts on individuals’ life, health status and communities. They have also been implicated immunity system diseases. Therefore we aim to investigate the impact of chronic amphetamine abuse or co-abuse of alcohol with amphetamine on immunity, especially CD3 T cells, as well as the response of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Patients and methods: A research sample comprising of 53 individuals younger than 40 years of age was employed to perform a retrospective case study within the setting of the Al-Amal Psychiatric Hospital. Individuals were distributed into 3 groups as the following: group (i) 17 patients abused amphetamine only for five years, group (ii) 17 patients’ co-abused alcohol and amphetamine or five years, and group (iii) composed of 19 non-abusers of similar age and sex was selected as control. Flow cytometry was conducted for the collection and analysis of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ monoclonal antibodies from blood samples. Results: In contrast to the control group, amphetamine abuser patients showed a significantly decrease of the mean levels of CD3+CD4+ (#Event), CD3+CD8+ (#Event) and CD3+CD8+ (% Total). Meanwhile, levels of CD3+CD4+ (% Parent) was significantly higher in patients versus control (P = 0.001). furthermore, In the amphetamine abuse patient group, there were significant positive correlations between CD3+CD4+ (#Event) and CD3+CD4+ (% Total); CD3+CD8+ (#Event); Between CD3+CD4+ (% Parent) and CD3+CD8+ (% Parent) and CD3+CD8+ (% Total); Between CD3+CD4+ (% Total) and CD3+CD8+ (#Event); Between CD3+CD8+ % Parent) and CD3+CD8+ (% Total). Conclusion: The present work shed light on the reaction of CD4 and CD8 T cells to chronic amphetamine and alcohol abuse, which was found to induce changes in the systemic immune response. Interestingly, amphetamine abuse markedly changes the systemic immune as they diminished CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells, and amphetamine and co-abuse alcohol affected CD3 cells significantly.
Keywords
References
R. Potula et al., “Methamphetamine causes mitrochondrial oxidative damage in human T lymphocytes leading to functional impairment,” J. Immunol., vol. 185, no. 5, pp. 2867–2876, 2010.
M. D. Prakash, K. Tangalakis, J. Antonipillai, L. Stojanovska, K. Nurgali, and V. Apostolopoulos, “Methamphetamine: effects on the brain, gut and immune system,” Pharmacol. Res., vol. 120, pp. 60–67, 2017.
B. D. L. Marshall, E. Wood, J. A. Shoveller, T. L. Patterson, J. S. G. Montaner, and T. Kerr, “Pathways to HIV risk and vulnerability among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered methamphetamine users: a multi-cohort gender-based analysis,” BMC Public Health, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 20, 2011.
M. Papageorgiou, A. Raza, S. Fraser, K. Nurgali, and V. Apostolopoulos, “Methamphetamine and its immune-modulating effects,” Maturitas, vol. 121, pp. 13–21, 2019.
M. Saito et al., “Effects of single or repeated administrations of methamphetamine on immune response in mice,” Exp. Anim., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 35–43, 2008.
P. Penaloza-MacMaster et al., “Interplay between regulatory T cells and PD-1 in modulating T cell exhaustion and viral control during chronic LCMV infection,” J. Exp. Med., vol. 211, no. 9, pp. 1905–1918, 2014.
U. Sriram, B. Haldar, J. M. Cenna, L. Gofman, and R. Potula, “Methamphetamine mediates immune dysregulation in a murine model of chronic viral infection,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 6, p. 793, 2015.
R. Pacifici et al., “Immunomodulating activity of MDMA,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 914, no. 1, pp. 215–224, 2000.
S. Shoptaw et al., “Cumulative exposure to stimulants and immune function outcomes among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study,” Int. J. STD AIDS, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 576–580, 2012.
Y. S. Althobaiti and Y. Sari, “Alcohol interactions with psychostimulants: an overview of animal and human studies,” J. Addict. Res. Ther., vol. 7, no. 3, 2016.
P. E. Molina, K. I. Happel, P. Zhang, J. K. Kolls, and S. Nelson, “Focus on: Alcohol and the immune system,” Alcohol Res. Health, vol. 33, no. 1–2, pp. 97–108, 2010.
D. Baliunas, J. Rehm, H. Irving, and P. Shuper, “Alcohol consumption and risk of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis,” Int. J. Public Health, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 159–166, 2010.
S. Pasala, T. Barr, and I. Messaoudi, “Impact of alcohol abuse on the adaptive immune system,” Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev., vol. 37, no. 2, p. 185, 2015.
H. A. Alhazmi et al., “Analysis of amphetamine and methamphetamine contents in seized tablets from Jazan, Saudi Arabia by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and chemometric techniques,” Saudi Pharm. J., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 703–709, 2020.
A. P. Ligeiro-Oliveira et al., “Effects of amphetamine on immune-mediated lung inflammatory response in rats,” Neuroimmunomodulation, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 181–190, 2004.
R. V House, P. T. Thomas, and H. N. Bhargava, “Comparison of immune functional parameters following in vitro exposure to natural and synthetic amphetamines,” Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 1994.
M. Freire-Garabal, M. J. Núñez, J. Balboa, J. Fernández-Rial, and A. Belmonte, “Effects of amphetamine on the activity of phagocytosis in mice,” Life Sci., vol. 51, no. 15, pp. PL145–PL148, 1992.
L. Chang et al., “Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript modulates peripheral immunity and protects against brain injury in experimental stroke,” Brain. Behav. Immun., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 260–269, 2011.
T. J. Connor, J. P. Kelly, M. McGee, and B. E. Leonard, “Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) suppresses IL-1β and TNF-α secretion following an in vivo lipopolysaccharide challenge,” Life Sci., vol. 67, no. 13, pp. 1601–1612, 2000.
R. Harms, B. Morsey, C. W. Boyer, H. S. Fox, and N. Sarvetnick, “Methamphetamine administration targets multiple immune subsets and induces phenotypic alterations suggestive of immunosuppression,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 12, p. e49897, 2012.
C. Chao et al., “Recreational drug use and T lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected men,” Drug Alcohol Depend., vol. 94, no. 1–3, pp. 165–171, Apr. 2008.
M. M. Mata, T. C. Napier, S. M. Graves, F. Mahmood, S. Raeisi, and L. L. Baum, “Methamphetamine decreases CD4 T cell frequency and alters pro-inflammatory
cytokine production in a model of drug abuse,” Eur. J. Pharmacol., vol. 752, pp. 26–33, 2015.
A. A. Ismail, R. M. El Sanosy, D. S. Rohlman, and M. El-Setouhy, “Neuropsychological functioning among chronic khat users in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia,” Subst. Abus., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 235–244, 2014.
T. Bredholt et al., “Distinct single cell signal transduction signatures in leukocyte subsets stimulated with khat extract, amphetamine-like cathinone, cathine or norephedrine,” BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 35, 2013.
Q. Yu, D. Zhang, M. Walston, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, and R. R. Watson, “Chronic methamphetamine exposure alters immune function in normal and retrovirus-infected mice,” Int. Immunopharmacol., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 951–962, 2002.
A. J. Saad and T. R. Jerrells, “Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of ethanol‐induced changes in splenic and thymic lymphoid cell populations,” Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 796–803, 1991.
E. J. Meredith, A. Chamba, M. J. Holder, N. M. Barnes, and J. Gordon, “Close encounters of the monoamine kind: immune cells betray their nervous disposition,” Immunology, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 289–295, 2005.
M. J. Miguez, G. SHOR‐POSNER, G. Morales, A. RODRIGUEZ, and X. Burbano, “HIV treatment in drug abusers: impact of alcohol use,” Addict. Biol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 33–37, 2003.
M. K. Baum, C. Rafie, S. Lai, S. Sales, J. B. Page, and A. Campa, “Alcohol use accelerates HIV disease progression,” AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 511–518, 2010.
M. G. Neuman, M. Schneider, R. M. Nanau, and C. Parry, “Alcohol consumption, progression of disease and other comorbidities, and responses to antiretroviral medication in people living with HIV,” AIDS Res. Treat., vol. 2012, 2012.
J. L. Zaldivar Fujigaki, A. G. Arroyo Valerio, J. C. López Alvarenga, E. G. Gutiérrez Reyes, D. Kershenobich, and J. Hernández Ruiz, “Alterations in activation, cytotoxic capacity and trafficking profile of peripheral CD8 T cells in young adult binge drinkers,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 7, p. e0132521, 2015.
F. J. Laso, J. Almeida, E. Torres, J. M. Vaquero, M. Marcos, and A. Orfao, “Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased cytotoxic profile of circulating lymphocytes that may be related with the development of liver injury,” Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 876–885, 2010.
V. Jiménez-Ortega, M. P. Fernández-Mateos, P. C. Barquilla, D. P. Cardinali, and A. I. Esquifino, “Continuous versus discontinuous drinking of an ethanol liquid diet in peripubertal rats: effect on 24-h variation of lymph node and splenic mitogenic responses and lymphocyte subset populations,” Alcohol, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 183–192, 2011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12871/aib.v159i3-4.4848